The Arab ground forces, led by Maslama, were defeated by Constantinople’s seemingly impregnable walls and Bulgarian attacks, while their naval fleet was defeated by the combustible mixture known as ’Greek Fire’. The defeat halted Muslim expansion into Europe from the East for almost 700 years.
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Citation: Editors, Litencyc. "Second Arab siege of Constantinople". The Literary Encyclopedia. First published 01 May 2009 [https://staging.litencyc.com/php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=6809, accessed 23 November 2024.]
